Visual contagion in prey defence signals can enhance honest defence

Chinese mantids gut toxic monarch caterpillars: avoidance of prey defence?

1. Monarch caterpillars, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), feed on milkweed plants in the genus Asclepias and sequester cardenolides as an anti-predator defence. However, some predators are able to consume this otherwise unpalatable prey. 2. Chinese mantids, Tenodera sinensis (Saussure), were observed consuming monarch caterpillars by ‘gutting’ them (i.e. removing the gut and associated internal org...

in defence of influence ? 323 In defence of influence ?

(L1) C causes E iff C stands in the ancestral of influence to E. (L2) C influences E iff (i) C and E are actual distinct events and (ii) there is a substantial range of C1, C2, ... of different not-toodistant alterations of C and a range E1, E2, of alterations of E, at least some of which differ, such that if C1 had occurred, E1 would have occurred, if C2 had occurred, E2 would have occurred an...

Cooperation & Conflict in Transatlantic Defence and Security Structure

The both Atlantic side relations from the ancient time had been faced with too much challenge but the continuing of this relation is due to the common political and economical interests. The upper Atlantic and the two organizations (NATO, EU) still exist to gain the essential goals and the political and security connection which are boosting with the economical integration at the same time. But...

Physical defence traits enhance seedling survival of neotropical tree species

1. Physical defence traits of stems and leaves should enhance biomechanical strength and survival of seedlings. For eight neotropical tree species that differ widely in lifehistory strategies, we compared stem and leaf biomechanical traits of 1 and 7-monthold seedlings grown in the shaded forest understorey and in the laboratory. 2. Material traits (biomechanical traits per unit volume, mass or...

Medical Defence